Impact Of International Communications On Public Safety

As international conflicts run rampant around the world, from terror attacks to trade interferences, individual nations must find ways to aid the global community in the fight to protect the public. Since the dawn of time, peoples have developed methods of communication to relay their feelings or ideas to each other, in order to express themselves or their ideologies. Matters today prove to be no different. Countries continuously communicate with one another in a variety of ways including trade, war, or the creation of diplomatic ties. With every move a nation makes, its population either reaps the benefits or pays the price. Therefore, with the increase in global communication, we must analyze the implications of the extent in which international communications affect public safety. Historic Throughout history, ancient empires have utilized interregional communication routes to bolster their imperial authority and spur trade amongst various nations. Ancient trade routes including the Silk Road which connected the Mediterranean and China, along with the Indian Ocean Trade Network which connected the coastal cities of East Africa, the Persian Gulf, southern Arabia, Southeast Asia, southern China, and the Indian sub-continent, were among the first means of major international trade and communication (Bulliet, Crossley, Headrick, Hirsch, Johnson, Northrup, 2005). The aforementioned authors, writer of the Houghton Mifflin Company textbook, The Earth and Its Peoples, areShow MoreRelatedAn Argument Essay on the Use of Cell Phones in Public Places1105 Words   |  4 Pagesfifty years of human history have given billions of people instant access to unprecedented communication methods. Individuals are no longer limited to letter writing and sending telegrams to convey a verbal message. E-mails, text messaging, video chat, instant messenger, and various social media outlets are all platforms for human communication in the modern world. 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A Short Note On Salt Water Garbage Islands - 891 Words

Brittany Welch Environmental Science Miss. Batty November 6, 2014 Salt Water Trash Islands An accruing problem has hit many locations around the salt water areas. Its floating trash it’s not only a problem for the oceans but deadly to many marine animals and other species. It has become a more accruing in the last couple years due to commercial fishing, fishermen, and illegal boats taking trash to other countries. Threating is when its harming or something feels in danger and that’s exactly what trash is doing to marine life. Marine life is an organism that lives in the ocean. For example coral, fish, dolphins, and seaweed that lives in the ocean or salt water. Salt water is a type of body water that is a big part of the ocean. Salt water is approximately thirty to eighty degrees Fahrenheit. It also is seventy-one percent of the earth’s surface. This includes Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Indian, Mediterranean, Caspian, Baltic, Adriatic Sea, Bering, Coral, E. China Sea, Hudson Bay, James Bay, Gulf of Mexico, Oman, Saint Lawrence, Great Barrier (Australia) and many more. The average depth of the ocean is about twelve thousand four hundred and thirty feet deep. Its max depth is about 6.787 miles deep. The total mass is about 0.023 of the earth’s total mass. The world s oceans are inhabited with over 14,000 species of saltwater fish. Some other sea animals that also live in the salt water are dolphins, turtles, sharks, and starfish. Several types of water plants that callShow MoreRelatedA Letter to His Parent by Jose Rizal4223 Words   |  17 Pages________________________ 9. Bake _________________________ 10. Awake ___________________________ Positive Comparative Superlative 1. Pretty ______________ ________________ 2. Attractive ______________ ________________ 3. Short ______________ ________________ 4. Noisy ______________ ________________ 5. Thin ______________ ________________ Match the synonyms. Write the letter on the blanks. 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Caffeine C and E Free Essays

What Do I Get From My Morning Coffee Some people are morning people, but I am not one of those people. Every morning it seems as if I am in a fog until that warm cup of coffee touches my lips. Similar to a drug habit, the more a person drinks coffee, the more it seems like that person cant function without it. We will write a custom essay sample on Caffeine C and E or any similar topic only for you Order Now But what are you really getting from your coffee? Along with other factors, coffee can have both positive and negative effects on your health. Coffee improves the bodys tolerance to glucose by increasing metabolism or mproving its tolerance to insulin. People who drink four cups of caffeinated coffee each day had shown to be 56 percent less likely to develop diabetes than were non- drinkers. Diabetes is the most common risk factor of liver cancer, so American adults may have something to celebrate as they sip their morning cup. A study of one hundred twenty-four older adults, ages sixty-five to eighty-eight, with mild cognitive impairment found that caffeine and coffee intake was associated with a reduced risk f developing Dementia and early onset Alzheimer’s. Coffee is known to be problematic for acid reflux and heartburn. Acid reflux and heartburn can be caused by coffee due to the way it relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter (muscle that closes the airway). This small muscle should remain tightly closed to prevent the contents of your stomach from coming back up into the esophagus and burning its lining with hydrochloric acid. Drinking a lot of coffee will promote the release of the stress hormones cortisol and epinephrine. These hemicals increase your bodys heart rate, blood pressure and tension levels – the old fight or flight’ response. All of this depends on how much coffee and caffeine your body can handle at one time. Although your shoe size isn’t a factor that affects coffee, there are a number of other things that do, these include: your age, gender, how long you have drinkin coffee, and what kind of coffee you drink. Some studies show that drinking decaffeinated coffee does not have the same effects of drinking regular coffee. So it might Just be time to switch that morning cup. How to cite Caffeine C and E, Papers

Exciting and colourful logo Essay Example For Students

Exciting and colourful logo Essay The third and final logo that I designed, is more exciting and colourful then the other logos. As you can see, the logo is black with many other colours on it and the name in the middle of the ball. This logo is basically an edited version of the previous logo. To make this logo, I took the previous logo and changed the picture by using tools such as render and inverse outlines. I did this until I found a logo the edited version that I liked. For this logo I used inverse outlines. Basically, changed the colours of the previous design and made it more colourful and exciting. Once I had designed all three of my logos, I decided that in order to select a suitable logo, I would need a questionnaire. The questionnaire would help me decide which logo the public and clients (e. g. suppliers and delivery companies) would prefer, and which is the most effective logo. Attached are five examples of how people reacted to the logos that I designed. The first question from the questionnaire asked, Which logo best represents the company and what it does? As you can see 60% of the people that were asked said that logo two was the logo that would best represent the company and what it does. Logo one was also a popular logo. Logo three, however, was not very popular at all. I feel that this is because the ball is not very clear in the logo. The name of the company is shown in the logo but it is not very clear. The second question asked, Which logo is the most eye catching? Obviously, the most eye-catching logo, is number three. This is because it is quite colourful, even though most of it is black, there is still colour, and it stands out from the rest of them. Logos one and two shared 15% of the peoples votes, and are obviously thought to be quite boring. There were other questions in the questionnaire but the most important question of all asked, Out of the 3 logos that I have designed, which do you prefer? As you can see, logo two is the most preferred logo. I also feel that logo two is the best logo for representing the company. Logos one and three shared 40% of the votes whereas logo two took 60%. I have looked at logos for other companies and I have designed my own logos. I have produced a questionnaire and have analysed my results. After collecting the results of the questionnaire I believe that logo two, should be the logo that will represent my company. Now after choosing the logo to represent my company, I must use this in letterheads and I must use this in advertisement.

Assignment Vietnam War Essays

Assignment Vietnam War Essays Assignment Vietnam War Essay Assignment Vietnam War Essay Assignment Vietnam War Michelle Caudillo HIS/135 July 17, 2011 Mona Rocha During the Vietnam War there was a draft called the Selective Service System. When men turned eighteen, they had to register with the draft. The draft had many changes; one was that if an individual was enrolled in college they could receive a deferment and not have to be drafted in the military until after college. However, once they graduated their name would be put to the top of the list to be drafted and deployed immediately. With this policy in effect many colleges and universities became involved in anti-war movements. Most of the faculty and students did not believe in the war and its cause. Between the years of 1961 and 1973 the war claimed 57,000 American lives and left more than 300,000 wounded. (Davidson, 2005) Come graduation time many students feared the reality of the draft. Many students protested and voiced their opposition to the war. With fear there was the distrust of the government figures in charge and they publicly questioned the governmentâ„ ¢s judgment on handling the war. When the United States announced they would begin to send troops to Cambodia there was such a large protest that the National Guard had to be called in to control the situation. There was fear the protesting would turn into rioting and businesses would get damaged in the process. Come May 4th, 1970, Kent State Universityâ„ ¢s anti-war rally grew to almost 3,000 people in support of the anti-war movement. The National Guard had to use tear gas, when that did not work due to windy weather they attempted to enforce the Ohio Riot Act with raised bayonets, forcing demonstrators to retreat. (Kent State University, n.d.) As a result of the National Guard attack toward the protestors, nine students were injured, one of which was left paralyzed, and four died. This incident put Kent State University in the spotlight and added fuel to the 1970â„ ¢s continuing anti-war movement. Many Americans feared them and their families could be victims on another incident like the Kent State University event. Parents began to question the draft, the Vietnam War, and American politics. Many of the peace talks that were organized were not carried out so peacefully. American soldierâ„ ¢s lives were not the only things that Americans paid with for the war. The United States had put in over $120 million into supporting the war and the soldiers. With that inflation rose and President Johnson had to raise taxes. Unfortunately, the Republicans would not approve the tax raise with their being a cut to the social welfare programs. It was clear the United States did not have the resources or wealth to remain dominant over the world. President Nixonâ„ ¢s Doctrine allowed America escape itâ„ ¢s military obligations by placing responsibility on other allied countries. With this happening, Americaâ„ ¢s foreign military sales went from $1.8 billion to $15.2 billion in the next six years. (Davidson, 2005) As America was withdrawing from the Vietnam War it began looking for ways to contain the Soviets without the use of violence. They first needed to remove any threat of the Sovietâ„ ¢s nuclear weapons. The United States allowed some nuclear concessions and the Soviets vowed to lower their supply, with both nations agreeing not to make any new missiles by signing Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. The United States then began to make diplomatic relations with China with hopes that this would have the Soviets work with the United States. References Davidson, J. (Ed.). (2005). Nation of nations: A concise narrative of the American republic (4th ed., vol. 2). New York: McGraw-Hill. May 4th, 1970 (n.d.). May 4th, 1970 General Information. Retrieved from http://dept.kent.edu/ksumay4/welcome.htm

10 Pros and Cons Arguments For Abstinence

10 Pros and Cons Arguments For Abstinence Approaches to teenage pregnancy prevention split down the middle between two schools of thought: abstinence (waiting until marriage to have sex)sex education (including contraceptive information and HIV prevention) Both sides argue that their approach is effective, especially in light of the continuing decline in teen pregnancy rates and teen birth rates. Whether thats true or not, one fact is clear: the rates in recent years have hit record lows. So is this due to the push in abstinence-only education programs, or in broader and more comprehensive sex education programs that provide teens with information about contraception and HIV prevention? To consider the role of abstinence or sex education in teenage pregnancy prevention, it helps to consider both sides of the argument. Below are links to both sides of the issue 10 arguments for abstinence as the best form of pregnancy prevention for teens and 10 arguments against abstinence a total of 20 arguments representing each perspective on the abstinence/sex education debate. Ten Arguments For Abstinence Abstinence from sex is the only form of pregnancy prevention that is 100% effective. Every method of contraception has a risk of failure, however, small, but a teen who practices abstinence will never become pregnant.Teens who abstain from sexual activity also avoid the risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).Teens who practice abstinence are much less likely to experience a physically or emotionally abusive relationship, drop out of high school, engage in substance abuse, or feel pressured into having sex all risk factors for teens who explore and become sexually active at an early age.A teen who practices abstinence and is in a romantic relationship is secure in the knowledge that her/his partner is not interested in them purely for sex a concern of many teens.Some studies indicate that couples enjoy greater relationship satisfaction when they delay having sex until they are seriously dating, engaged or married.Teens are at a stage in life in which theyre already emotionally vulnerable. Getting involved in a sexual relationship increases that vulnerability and the chances of being hurt or used by a partner. By abstaining from sex, its a lot easier to figure out if a relationship or a person is good for you. Studies have revealed a connection between low self-esteem and early sexual activity. A teen who deliberately chooses to wait to have sexual intercourse is less likely to look to a relationship for validation and may be more self-reliant.Some teens use sex as a way to achieve intimacy and closeness with someone, but this is an artificial way of doing so. Teens who practice abstinence build relationships with partners based on mutual likes and dislikes, common approaches to life, and shared interests and develop a more authentic relationship that can better stand the test of time.Abstinence may help students do better in school. According to the American Journal of Health studies, students in abstinence-only education programs demonstrate better GPAs and improved verbal and numerical aptitude skills.... stronger peer relations, positive youth development, and...[greater] aware[ness] of the consequences of risky behavior, such as teen pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases.Abstinen ce costs nothing and there are no side effects as there are with oral contraceptives and many other forms of pregnancy prevention. Sources: Elias, Marilyn. Study pinpoints factors for early sex. USAToday.com. 12 November 2007.Lawrence, S.D. Abstinence Only Sex Ed Has Unexpected Benefit: Math Gains? Educationnews.com. 13 March 2012.McCarthy, Ellen. The Literature: Delaying sex seems to lead to a more satisfying relationship, study finds. Washingtonpost.com. 31 October 2010.Salzman, Brock Alan. An argument for abstinence and commitment: Implications For Sex Education and Counseling. Teen-aid.org. Retrieved 25 May 2012.

Chapter 11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Chapter 11 - Essay Example There was a thin line between the author’s reasons and my reasons because the women rarely indulge in the physical activities because they might fear the risks that may come with the consequences of the act, there is also the barriers of costs to be incurred which is similar to one of the reasons of the authors and equally the chances of experiencing the risks. There were the theories that were chosen as the basis for the program which include; HBM meaning health belief model, SE (self-efficacy), and the SLT theory which means social learning theory. According to HBM, a person’s health related behavior depends on several factors like: the severity of the illness, the person’s susceptibility to the illness and the importance and the barriers to taking precautionary actions. The HBM theory was preferred by many researchers because it emphasizes on knowledge and perception which seemed appropriate to a population to which the health outcome of a preventive behavior. The SE theory is based on the misconceptions among Hispanics about the relationship between certain risk behaviors and the diseases given that mistaken belief can give a false discernment of the need for change. The SLT theory manifests the human behavior as interactive way between environmental, behavioral and personal factors (Slattery, pg.38). In the SLT theory, reinforcement, observational learning, self-control, behavioral capability and emotional coping responses together with SE are principal constructs in SLT. There are also other constructs like environmental factors which affect behavior. The factors can be particularly important for enhancing physical activities among Hispanic women for various reasons because the term environment refers to the social environment which is inclusive friends, family members and peers which is part of the Hispanic culture. This affects the

Skyfrance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Skyfrance - Essay Example As people we are habituated to perform a certain function, with change this habit of repeating a similar task is breached. When change is enforced upon people they feel helpless about not being able to alter the happenings and thereby react in a negative manner to the change. The role of Jane and all staff at Skyfrance should be to support the employees and help them adapt to the change by accepting the change. It should be realized that the change should not be simply enforced on someone instead a feeling of motivation to decide on the changing circumstances should be instigated by the management. Firstly, the Kubler Ross transition cycle. It describes 5 stages of receiving catastrophic news. These 5 stages are denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. The reaction of the staff can be better understood by this model. The staff is perhaps still in the initial stage of denial or anger, where they feel that the changes taking place are not really going to take place. They may feel that if they do not serve the customers the change will not take place. It should thereby be communicated that the change will be initiated whatever the condition may be. They could perhaps also be feeling a sense of anger as they may feel challenged by the change and their possible role in the new structure of the company. Also Jane should ensure that people are informed that such feelings are normal and acceptable during a change process. The ADKAR model for individual change management describes 5 blocks for successful change management. These are awareness (why change is required), desire (to support in change), knowledge (of how to change), ability (to implement new skills and behavior) and reinforcement (to sustain the change). Perhaps the staff is still not aware of why the change is required and thereby may feel threatened by the change. The company should thereby provide the

Investigate the design of Lighting Systems, Electrical Energy Essay

Investigate the design of Lighting Systems, Electrical Energy Management and Tariffs - Essay Example This is done when the consumption is less and proper and no wastage of energy is there. The lamps and other devices should be of proper rating and proper standard. The design should be such that required illumination is obtained in a least possible cost. a) Fluorescent Lamp :- The basic construction of this type of lamp is that it has a discharge tube made up of glass. There are two electrodes at both the ends. This tube contains gases at certain pressure which on ionization emits light. The fluorescent powder is coated at both inside and outside the tube. The electrodes at both the ends are coated with some electron emitting material. A choke coil is connected in series with the lamp to stabilize current. One capacitor is also connected to compensate the power factor. This lamp emits white colour and widely used in homes, offices and shops. b) Electric Discharge Lamp :- These were the first type of lamps that were used. In these type of lamps there is a discharge tube in which two electrodes are connected to both ends and excited by electric source. The gas inside the tube gets ionized and emits light. There are various types of electric discharge lamps namely sodium vapour lamp and mercury vapour lamp. c) Filament Lamp :- In this lamp a fine filament is connected to the electrodes and excited which emits light. The construction of these kinds of lamps is very simple. Earlier fine carbon was used as element in these lamps later on tungsten was preferred in place of carbon. Principle of good lighting While designing lighting system following considerations should be done. 1) Proper illumination level :- This is the major factor because for proper vision the brightness of the object should be proper which depends on illumination level. Degree of illumination depends upon some factors like size of the object, distance from the observer, object background contrast. There are some standards made by ISI for illumination level in various parts of he building. For street lighting also some standards are made. Table below shows some average value of illumination level. Places Illumination level Heavy Traffic routes 30 Average traffic routes 15 Secondary roads with local traffic 8 Secondary roads with light traffic 4 2) Uniform Illusion :- The vision of eye depends on the brightness of the object. If the uniformity of light is there the eye has to adjust more. This will cause fatigue. The method to achieve uniform illumination Generalized light should also be employed with local light. 3) Colour of light :- The brightness of any object basically depends on colour of light falling on it. The composition of light should

General business overview of Tesco

General business overview of Tesco Tesco was founded about 1919 by a person call Jack Cohen in  Londons  East End. In this year as well he Jack Cohren started was selling groceries in the markets of the East End.   After about 5 years the name TESCO started to appear on labels because Jack Cohen brought a large shipment of tea from a company called T.E. Stockwell.   Due to this he put the first two letters of the supplier of tea along with the first two letters of his surname and this spelt out TESCO.   The first Tesco store opened in 1929 and now it has 1,800 stores just in the UK and its present felt in 12 countries.   Tesco now is the largest British  retailer, both by global sales and by domestic market share, and the fourth largest retailer in the world behindWal-Mart  of the United States,  Carrefour  of France, and  The Home Depot  of the United States. Tesco used to only sell food but now it has moved into areas such as  clothes,  consumer electronics, consumer  financial services, selling and renting  DVDs,  compact discs  and  music downloads,  internet  service and consumer  telecoms. Tesco over the years is UKs most popular retailer with over 13 million customers a week, number of non food products/services available has gradually increased, Tesco.com is the world largest home delivery service in the world and it is operating in 12 different countries with further expansion in other countries.   The reason for all these success mentioned above is all down to one thing, which is the approach taken by Tesco on customer focused.   Tesco is unique in this way because many retailers would tend to focus only on profits.   However, Tesco as well as making profits would like to create value for customers, to earn their lifetime loyalty.   ( Tesco Interim report, 2005) This can be seen in Tesco mission statement and the way this is achieved is through corporate strategy.   The corporate strategy of this retailer consist of four parts; UK Core Business, Retail Services, Non-Food and International.   It can be seen from the annual report that the profits in eac h of these four strategies have gone up.   In the UK Core Business profits went up 14.9% compared with few years back where there was an increase of 12.7% , Retailing Services was  £40 million pounds but now it is  £70 million pounds, Non food was expected market share to only be 6% but it is actually 7% and the operations in overseas market is now in 12 countries. The success of this strategy needs to be broken down in order to provide evidence to show how effective Tesco as been and in what way. 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UK  Core Business Tesco has got a strong UK Core Business because this is where everything started from and gradually as the years went on the retailer was able to exploit opportunities.   This was done through innovation and having the energy in finding ways to expand.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After five years there were only 728 stores in the  UK  (Tesco Account Watch, 2002).   However, now that numbers has dramatically increased to 1,800 stores (Tesco, 2006) with more then 260,000 employees.   From this it can be seen that Tesco idea of expansion was a huge success and this is reflective in the profitability where the sales are  £32.7 billion pounds and the operating profits are  £1.788 million pounds. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non-Food This is seen as being important for Tesco because in the future they would like be in front of their competitors.   This can be seen in an annual report of 2002 where it state that ..in the long term would like to be as strong as it is in food to have 6% market share within the next three years. (Tesco Account Watch, 2002)However Tesco have succeeded the expected market share by gaining a market share of 7%. (Tesco,2006)   The main reason why this has gone up is due to the fact that Tesco has been able to offer over 100 new products including CDs, electrical goods, clothes etc at low prices and at good quality.   By doing this, it will allow this retailer to keep customer loyalty for a long time as well. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Retailing Services The effective way of implementing this according to Tesco is through joint ventures with major players in the sector they want to operate.   Bu doing this it allows Tesco to the ability to contribute it customer base as well as brand strengths to the partnership and vice versa.   Ã‚  This has been done exceptionally well since Tesco were able to follow customer (Tesco Account Watch, 2002) by offering a wide range of products/services not just to existing customers but to new one as well. Tesco offer three things so far; Tesco Personal Finance (TPF), Tesco.com and Tesco telecom.   All these have done well with the increase profits of  £70 million pounds for TPF, Tesco.com sales nearly  £1 billion pounds and the telecom is serving over half a million customers. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  International The expansion of Tesco overseas first took place in 2004 where it was decided that Central Europe and the Far East would be first to have a Tesco.   Since this retailer was so successful in the  UK  it did not enter the market in the Western European and  USA  because it was not ready since it didnt know the market, culture, etc.   However expanding in  Central Europe  and  Far Eastwas a good choice to start off with because it allowed them to use the best practice suitable for them for developing stores efficiently and at minimum cost.   It also allowed them build the store as soon as possible since a range of store formats that can be rolled out quickly as required (Tesco Account Watch, 2002). Ever since the first expansion in 2004 Tesco now is operating in 12 different countries with further expansion going on in Western Europe and in USA.   The expansion occurred through six different steps:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1st   Being  Flexible   Approaching market differently since all markets are unique  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2nd   Act  Local   Need to get the attention of the local and build relationship with them as well.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3rd   Keep  Focus- It always take time to establish in a market therefore need to always be focus on the tasks in hand.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4th   Be  Muli-format   Need to be able to adapt a number of different store format since only format will not reach the whole market.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5th   Develop  Capability   Need to be able to train people and develop relationship with others and share the information is vital for the chance of success.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6th   Build  Brands   This allow establishing long relationship with customers.   From the above it can be seen that the strategy that Tesco have are very much related to giving customers the best service by offering a range of products at low prices and at different places.   By putting all their attention on customers would allow them to exceed expectations in terms of profitability. Tesco Strategy From examining Tesco strategy it can be concluded that Tesco follow deliberate strategy which can de defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦quality of acting intentionallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they think before they do, (Wit Meyer,2004).   Tesco follow this strategy because they intend to do something which is realised afterwards.   For example one of Tesco strategy is about  UK  which involves frequent contact with customers and building new stores which meet different customers needs.   From these the profitability for the  UK  has gone up therefore it was realised that this strategy is working well.   Similar to this is that the other strategy about international, non food products and services have all seen an increase in the profitability. Tesco tend to have a plan for each strategy which further illustrate that Tesco follow deliberate strategy.   When Tesco started off it the strategy was pile it high and sell it cheap.   This was unsuccessful and a plan was put together and a new strategy came which was about achieving customers loyalty for a lifetime.   This is a success and if the fundamental purpose of Tesco. Tesco on the other hand strategy may fall in the category of emergent strategy.   This can be seen from the non food products.   Tesco offering telecoms, internet etc falls here because the opportunities were there which needed to be exploited.   Similar to this is that if Tesco did not take these opportunities with both hands the threat was that other supermarkets would take full advantage of this.   Also a threat was that if a competitor does something the supermarket must follow to remain competitive (Elsevier bookshop, 2006). Overall the approach taken by Tesco is a rational planning approach.   The reason for this is because Tesco knows the direction it went to go, the main purpose of the business is known and the objectives are established.   All these are done differently through different analysis such as External/Internal environment, assessing current position etc. Financial Analysis Profitability Ratios The following ratios compare Tesco Store Plc and WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC. Return on Investment Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supernmarkets PLC 20.08% (Anuual Report 2006) 5.55% (Annual report, 2006) The above ratio shows how management use the company assets to generate revenue. In the above ratio it can be seen that Tesco Plc, 20.08% earning are much higher compared to WM Morrisons Supermarket PLC which is 5.55%.   Due to the big gap between these two companies it clearly shows that Tescos operational management is more efficiently making full use of the companys asset to generate more sales. Gross Profit Tesco Plc WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC 7.7% (Annual report, 2006) 24.58% (Fame-analysis) The above ratio is an important measurement in terms of profitability since it basically measures the trading effectiveness and basic profit earning capability of a company.   From the above ratio it quite strange that WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC ratio is much better in comparison with Tesco Stores PLC.   Therefore it shows that the production and distribution efficiency of WM Morrisons Supermarket PLC that it manages to earn a greater percentage of gross profit than Tesco Stores PLC. Net Profit Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 5.7% (Annual report, 2006) 2.6% (Fame-analysis) This figure above shows the companies profit after taking all the expenses off and other costs as well from the gross profit.   Tesco PLC net ratio is 5.7% whereas WM Morrisons Supermarket PLC is 2.6%.   Investment Ratio Earning per Share (EPS) Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 20.07p (Annual report,2006) 9.46p (Annual report 2006) The investment in a company tend to be made in stocks/shares therefore the above ratio is essential in the assessing the market value of the companys shares.   Tescos share is much greater than WM Morrisons Supermarkets Plc therefore it can offer more to its stockholders.   The above figures were taken from annual reports 2006.   Also the above shows that investors have trust in Tesco using the money is used to it full capacity. Dividend Yield Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 1.98% (Annual report 2006) 1.23% (Annual report 2006) Just like mentioned above this ratio also allows investors to assess the investment potential in a companys shares.   Tesco offer greater dividend yield therefore investors will be interested in this company rather than WM Morriosns Supermarkets.   It also shows that investors would be more attracted to Tesco and not to WM Morrisons Supermarkets. Dividend Cover Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 2 times (Annual report, 2006) The Dividend Cover ratio shows how many times the ordinary dividend could be paid out of current earnings.   In the case of Tesco it is paying our half of its earning as ordinary dividend. Liquid Ratios Current Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 1.09:1 (Annual Report 2006) 0.45:1 (Fame analysis) The current assets are required to meet the companys debt as they are due.   The above ratio indicates this relationship especially for both supermarkets.   It shows that both companies are able to turnaround stock into cash.   However, from the above figures it shows that Tesco are much better prospects for lenders as compared to WM Morrisons Supermarkets whose current assets are less than current liabilities. Acid Test Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 0.68:1 (Annual report-2006) 0.23:1(Fame Analysis) The above ratio is used to compare the current asset without the stock with current liabilities.   The ratio itself does not actually provide any assurance that both these companies will meet futures payments.   Due to this both the above ratio show the level of stock each company holds because has retailers they are expected to keep certain amount of stocks. Efficiency Ratio Stock Turnover Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 25 times (Annual report, 2006) 30 times (FAME- analysis) The Stock Turnover Ratio shows the average amount of times stock is held before being sold.   Since Tesco is big it is expected that stock would be sold more quickly than compared to WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC. Fixed assets turnover ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 2.12 (Annual report, 2006) 1.83 (FAME- analysis) Fixed asset enable a company to function more efficiency therefore with Tesco having a high fixed asset ratio compared with WM Morrions Supermarkets are able to generate more sales.   Trade debtor collection period Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 0 days (Fame analysis) 2.53 days (Fame- analysis) The ratio is about debtor and this is the time taken to receive a payment from customers.   Tesco get the money straight away with no problems whereas WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC tends to get the money after couple of days.   This may be down to Morrisons having a policy where it takes cheques a couple of day to be cleared or other policies related to cash. Trade creditor payment period Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 26.60 days (FAME ANALYSIS) 36.24 days (Fame-analysis) This shows that it takes on average a month for a supermarket to pay back to creditors.   Tesco are able to do this quicker than Morrisons because of it ability to turn stock into cash very quickly. All the above refer to Appendix 1 which is related to Tesco, Appendix 2 which is related to WM Morrison and Appendix 3 which is related to calculations. Value Chain Analysis The Primary Activities Within the primary activities it can be seen that a key element of Tescos strategy is to have a relationship with suppliers which is quick and cost effective.   The reason for this is due to the fact that ..the greater the number of participants, the greater the synergy opportunities and the greater the change of leveraging action within the logistics and network services provider community. (Fernie Sparks, 1999)   By having a strong relationship with suppliers will enable Tesco to exchange information with suppliers which will result in having a greater opportunity to adapt to the changing environment.   The approach taken by Tesco is an important aspect especially achieving competitive advantage.   However, Tesco should do it not only with cost in mind but bearing in mind that the highest quality goods are produced more quickly and efficiently.   The transformation of its distribution operations has over the part 10 years seen the introduction of Tesco own brands which m ean that these goods will stay in Tescos control longer than other goods.    The decisions of management along with the introduction of effective technology such as software and IT systems, laser scanning which automatically re-orders goods, have all helped Tesco to position itself in the market place.   One of the reasons for Tesco success is due to technology in all parts of the business because technology has a powerful effect on competitive advantage in either cost or differentiation. (Porter, 1998) Tesco work very closely with suppliers to extend growing seasons for particular crops like strawberry which is available throughout the year.   In this situation Tesco do depend on the suppliers making the crops during the year.   However, in the longer period Tesco will be able to save costs.   By extending growing season there is a lower dependency on the warehouse and JIT production of goods. The need to work closely with suppliers and transport services is critical and using local producers wherever possible results in Tesco dealing with a number of companies and according to Christopher,1998 effective logistics management can provide a major source of competitive advantage a position of enduring superiority over competitors in terms of customer preference.   The main thing is being innovative and looking at how to improve things constantly as well as considering the environment impact of its action.   This again will reinforce the competitive position as Porter, 1998 suggested companies achieve competitive advantage through act of innovation.   It is very difficult for a supermarket like Tesco to produce the same success again therefore Tesco must continue to re -invent itself to stay ahead in this market. The Supporting Activities The companys infrastructure is based on decisions of management which help communication and control.   Support functions such as accounting, administration, public relation and marketing.   There are many people who deal with investigation and sourcing products for example, for non food products there are over 100 people.   Tesco employs over 260,000 people, (Tesco, 2006) which is a huge cost especially in terms of minimum wage.   The other costs which are involved are recruitment, training and development.   Other things such as planning, public affairs, quality assurance are all time consuming. Technology development is important because it allows Tesco to be able to adapt to its changing environment.   Tesco on line shopping is a huge success along with other things like financial service, mobile phone, clothes and electrical goods. Tesco recognizes regional differences when it comes to procurement.   They have established dedicated buying teams In the UK.   Tesco have also made arrangements not only with large producers or manufacturers of goods, but also individual farmers.   Their Fairtrade policy ( Tesco CR , 2006) ensures that the farmers receive a fair price and that consumers pay a fair price.   Long term relationships with suppliers are important, with over 1500 suppliers working with Tesco for five years.   Tesco works with suppliers and encourages them to develop regional offices in line with Tescos own distribution centres. In Tecso it can be seen that the value chain for competing in a particular industry is embedded in larger streams of activities.. (Porter, 1998). The primary activities for Tesco can be seen in Appendix 4 and the supporting activities can be seen in Appendix 5. PESTLE Analysis Political There are many external influences which affect Tesco like local business taxes as well as government introducing taxes on different products.   When Tesco decide to build new stores it will not be straight forward to do because the local and regional planning policy is extremely costly and time consuming.   Complying with government legislations is a must for Tesco since it relates to food hygiene, employment, health and safety.  Ã‚   Tesco is also under the pressure on a number of different issues. For example Friend of the Earth who believe that Tesco is using every trick in the book to dominate the retail market and coerce local authorities. ( Friend of the Earth, 2006)   and also from something call Tescopoly.   Tescopoly is to challenge the negative impacts of Tescos behaviour along its supply chains both in the  UK  and internationally, on small businesses, on communities and the environment (Tescopoly, 1995) It also makes sure that the products are made from rec ycle items and protecting the environment is the key. Environment This is a major focus not just for Tesco but for all businesses in the  UK  as well as overseas.   The issue of global warming and climate change affects everyone.   Tesco is addressing the issue by minimizing waste and recycling, by rewarding customers for re using bags (Tesco Report, 2006).   They have also spent over  £100m on a range of products from wind turbines to gasification plants.   Another thing Tesco is trying to do is reduce energy consumption (Tesco Report, 2006) with the introduction of improved heating and ventilation systems. Social The social impact of opening new stores is immense.   By opening new stores Tesco are creating new employments for many people and also they are using local suppliers rather then getting suppliers from different part of the  UK.   Tesco is a very dedicated supermarket which always gives money to a charity every year.   It also encourages healthy eating with their healthy option menus therefore encouraging the nation to get healthier and fitter combined with charitable activities like the Race for Life. (Tesco corporate, 2007) Technology Technology has improved massively over the years and it has dramatically affected Tesco.   By introducing on line shopping, improved refrigeration techniques, sophisticated software for monitoring customer loyalty shoppers and their buyers pattern and new services being offered have all together improved customer service, reducing costs and sustaining competitive advantage.   Legal The main legal issue here is related to what was mentioned above.   Since the introduction of new products/services there is a chance of customers being exposed to credit card fraud.   Ã‚  The legal department within Tesco is kept busy with the need to respond to customer complaints and compensation claims, such as the recent fuel issues.   Another thing is complying with any rules or regulations which are set out from the government to the Competition commission. Economic The main issues which have been talked about recently are fuel costs, congestion or mileage charges will also affect Tesco profitability.   On the other hand some positives can be taken for example charitable donations made by Tesco to local and regional areas.   Tesco by using local suppliers will also have an impact on the economy.   Ã‚  Tesco is promising lower prices (Tesco Report, 2006) because it want to provide a range of products which are of high quality to all customers especially those families with low income. The PESTLE Analysis for Tesco can be seen in Appendix 6 Porters Five Forces Model Competitive Rivalry The supermarket industry is high competitive in the  UK  with four supermarkets dominating the market; Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury and Morrisons.   This market has never been more ferocious in the battle to capture the customers loyalty (Bevan, 2005).   The one which is leading the other supermarkets in the  UK  is Tesco with 32% market share (Wekepedia, 2005) whilst the rest of the supermarkets have each got less then 20% markets share. The competitive rivalry in the  UK  is not based on the types of products sold because all supermarkets sell the same products.   However, the rivalry is based on pricing and value for money (Seth Randell, 2001). The use of technology allows this market to be more competitive because the use of technology allows a number of advantages including quicker way to speed up stock replenishment.   For example in Tesco they use Electronic Point Of Sale (EPOS) not just for checkout but   for a range of things like  fully integrated accounting, inventory management, open to buy forecasting, customer relation management (CRM), service management, rental, and payroll modules. (Thompson,2003).   Another thing which Tesco also use is EDI(Electronic Data Interchange ) which is a set of standards for structuring information to be electronically exchanged between and within businesses, organizations, government entities and other groups.   Other supermarkets use the above as well but the way Tesco use this is why Tesco is the largest supermarket in the UK. The competitve rivalry may get evenmore tense if for example other global competitors like Carrefour decide to come into the UK market by acquisition of weaker companies. Threat of new entrants Since the UK industry is dominated by four major supermarkets the threat of new entrants is high.   This is due to enconomies of scale in terms of shopping area and length of distribution channels.   These two are important factors especially in the UK however, the cost of these two are very high and a new entrant would suffer.   Similar to this is that new entrant have limited access to distribution channels in the UK because the supermarkets have already got control of these.   Another problem for a new entrant is that it will be difficult to achieve cost adavntage.   The reason for this is due to the fact that the four major supermarkets in the UK have occurred cost advantage through continually development in studying customers (buying patterns, money spent etc) and competitors.   The important part is regard to building relationship with suppiers and customers because it takes time to gain someone trust.   Due to this trying to change customers brand loyalty is ver y difficult to achieve. The main problem for Tesco and other supermarkets is related to the fact that large european supermarkets may decide to set up stores in the UK.   This can be seen from Lidl which is a German company which has got a number of stores opened in the UK. Threat of substitute In the UK alone there many substitutes because a lot of small stores like newsagent, local shops, etc sell the same products like supermarkets but the difference is that these small stores can offer discounts.   Due to this it is said that supermarkets are vulnerable.   One of the reason for supermarkets being vulnerable is about discounts and the other reason is that small stores can steal customers from supermarkets.   For example Argos- The Catalogue Shop can get a percentage of customers from the supermarkets from under their noses.   This is done by offering customers the chance to have catalogue delivered to their doors and collection of orders by post, telephone or internet. For some supermarkets this is a problem but for Tesco it is not.   The reason for this is that Tesco has a number of different stores opened across the whole UK and offers a range of products includind non food products through the internet at reasonable prices. (Tesco direct,2006).   By offeri ng non food products Tesco is in competition with Argos as well as Currys and Comet over electrical goods.   From this it can be seen that Tesco are being tuff because they want to be the best in all departments. Bargaining power of buyers In the UK the bargaining power buyers is strong especially for supermarkets in the UK since the buyers are the customers.   The power of these buyers is high because of the availability of several alternatives.   The switching cost from one to the other is low because if a customer is not happy he/she can go to the other supermarkets.   For the supermarkets Asda, Morrisons and Sainsbury this is true but for Tesco it is not since it is the other way around, Tesco are able to influence the buyers.   Tesco are able to do this by having different stores Express, Metro etc in the UK all different to one another. Porters five forces model for Tesco can be seen in Appendix 7 SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Tesco is the  UK  is a well established and recognised retail brand in the  UK  offering a range of products and services from food to non food items.   Tesco has grown in the four areas it wanted to grow with a 7% market share in the non food items.   They provide fresh food at great value with many special offers being made each week.   They support fair trade and local products with over 7000 products being supplied in the  UK.   The culture of Tesco is important to its success.   Also the focuses on people, from the customers to the staff are essential for the smooth running of the organisation. Weaknesses Tesco just like many businesses in the  UK  will have problems which need to be overcome.   Since Tesco is big it has 260,000 employees which would result in Tecso paying a lot of money in term of wages and also training and development.   Also costs related to sickness and absenteeism will also affect Tesco.   Similar to this is that ..80% of group sales come from  UK (Tesco, 2006) and could be more globally focused.   Another weakness is that increase in the cost of fuel may result in loss of profitability and also an increase in the local business taxes will be bad.   Opportunities The opportunities existing for Tesco is further product introduction more opticians and pharmacies into the stores.   There also opportunities for Tesco to expand and increase market share.   Since Tesco is very popular in the  UK  and should turn their focus on the international market.   The acquisition or merger of a competitor would provide SYNERGY in terms of cost reduction, improved productivity, expanded range of products, although it may well be that because of Tecso dominant position in the market already the commission may not agree to such development. Threat The current problem which has occurred over the last few weeks was related to problem with the fuel since it was claimed that it is contaminated.   Due to this poor quality fuel may be suppl

George Washington Essay -- American History America

George Washington - The Father of Our Country Why has George Washington earned the title "Father of our Country"? He was a great military leader and served as a general in the Revolutionary War. Washington was very involved in setting up the government of the United States and served as the first President. He is the most honored of any President and there are many things that help us remember him often. With all he has contributed to the success of our country, he certainly deserves this title. George Washington was born on February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland, Virginia. He belonged to an old colonial family that believed in hard work, public service, and in worshipping God (Ashworth and Carroll). As far as formal education George only had the elementary years. His favorite subject was arithmetic. But he was ambitious and self taught. At the age of eleven, his father died and this put great responsibility on his young shoulders (Milton 12). His older half-brother Lawrence became a substitute father and helped to raise him (Flexner 5). At the age of seventeen, Washington was appointed surveyor for Culpeper county. At the age of twenty, with no training or experience as a soldier, George applied to the governor of Virginia for a commission in the militia (Alden 8). He was fascinated with the war stories Lawrence told him and developed a keen interest in military affairs (Flexner 5). In February of 1753, he was commissioned as a major and put in charge of training militia in southern Virginia. Washington started reading and studying about military tactics and affairs. At the age of twenty-three he was promoted to Colonel and appointed commander and chief of the Virginia Militia. This was where George Washington learned how ... ...row economically and established a sound federal government. He has been honored and revered more than any other president in history. His legacy is still remembered and celebrated. We should never forget this great man and all he did to make America the greatest country in the world. George Washington should always be remembered as the Father of our Country. Works Cited Alden, John R. George Washington a Biography. Baton Rouge: Lousianna State University Press, _ _ 1984. Ashworth, Mary Wells and Carroll, John Alexander. "George Washington." World Book _ _ Encyclopedia. 1969. Flexner, James Thomas. Washington the Indispensable Man. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974. Milton, Joyce. The Story of George Washington, Quiet Hero.Milwaukee: Garth Stevens Publishing, 1988. Twohig, Dorthy. "George Washington." Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia. 1995.